window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=00ee2dc9c4a47c0421c3a1063c12ecee"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js
var breeze_prefetch = {"local_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com","ignore_remote_prefetch":"1","ignore_list":["\/wp-admin\/"]};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/breeze/assets/js/js-front-end/breeze-prefetch-links.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/intelly-countdown-pro/assets/deps/moment/moment.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/intelly-countdown-pro/assets/js/icp.library.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/tag-groups/assets/js/frontend.min.js
var advads_options = {"blog_id":"1","privacy":{"enabled":false,"state":"not_needed"}};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads/public/assets/js/advanced.min.js
var advanced_ads_pro_visitor_conditions = {"referrer_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","referrer_exdays":"365","page_impr_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_page_impressions","page_impr_exdays":"3650"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads-pro/modules/advanced-visitor-conditions/inc/conditions.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/themes/lightstalking/assets/js/index.js
document.createElement( "picture" );if(!window.HTMLPictureElement && document.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {var s = document.createElement("script");s.src = "https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/webp-express/js/picturefill.min.js";document.body.appendChild(s);});}
var essb_settings = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","essb3_nonce":"537cc9d789","essb3_plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-social-share-buttons3","essb3_stats":true,"essb3_ga":false,"essb3_ga_ntg":false,"blog_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/","post_id":"505602","internal_stats":true};
https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/uploads/breeze/google/gtag.js
!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)
{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';
n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',
'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
fbq('init', '1079708588874183');
fbq('track', 'PageView');
var head = document.head;var script = document.createElement('script');script.type = 'text/javascript';script.src = "https://178444.tracking.hyros.com/v1/lst/universal-script?ph=6df64206c166a45894d8b8d2beeed3f98ece187ef7e83c10a2acca9a68e688a5&tag=!tracking";head.appendChild(script);
(function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){
c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)};
t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i;
y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y);
})(window, document, "clarity", "script", "jzjsbgih7m");
var advadsCfpQueue = [];
var advadsCfpAd = function( adID ){
if ( 'undefined' == typeof advadsProCfp ) { advadsCfpQueue.push( adID ) } else { advadsProCfp.addElement( adID ) }
};
document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( 'no-js', 'js' );
Skip to the contentEveryone who gets the photography itch gets to the point where they realise they need to learn photography basics in order to really take control of the images they are creating. We have all been at that point. You’re starting to realise you can have quite an effect on how your shots turn out simply […]
Bird photography can be among the most rewarding and stunning photography that many of us will ever try. While it requires the patience of a saint, the resulting shots, in the right conditions will often make all of the effort worthwhile. While a lot of bird photography is done with specialist equipment such as telephoto […]
There are many different types of wildlife and bird photography. Today, let’s talk about two specific types that you will want to develop the skills to shoot. Action shots and bird portraits. Two entirely different types of image that, when put together in a collection, can really round it out. Capturing action is a big […]
Sometimes you have no choice but to shoot with a Phone camera. Maybe it’s all that’s available. Maybe it’s all that is suitable. But the skills to take a phone camera and get some usable images is something that every photographer should strive to build. I’ll give you an example. A while back I was on […]
Getting great photos from a phone camera is not only possible, but it’s also something that can be consistent for you if you learn the ins and outs specifically for phone photography. In fact, I’d say regularly shooting with the camera that is with you (ie your phone camera) is the single most convenient way […]
Getting a new DSLR can be quite an overwhelming experience for a new photographer. All the knobs and buttons seem to do a thousand different things (and they do), but the dirty secret of photography is that, at its core, knowledge of the exposure triangle is what will make your new DSLR sing. If you […]
(function(d, s, id) {
var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
if (d.getElementById(id)) return;
js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;
js.src = "//forms.aweber.com/form/96/435600896.js";
fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(document, "script", "aweber-wjs-8cq4o7hvd"));
if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui.tabs !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.widget !== 'undefined' && typeof TagGroupsBase !== 'undefined') {
TagGroupsBase.tabs('tag-groups-cloud-tabs-6603009c36f91', {"active":false}, true);
} else {
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
setTimeout(function(){
if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui.tabs !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.widget !== 'undefined') {
TagGroupsBase.tabs('tag-groups-cloud-tabs-6603009c36f91', {"active":false}, true);
} else {
console.log('[Tag Groups] Error: jQuery UI Tabs is missing!');
}
}, 500);
});
}
( $ => {
/**
* Displays toast message from storage, it is used when the user is redirected after login
*/
if ( window.sessionStorage ) {
$( window ).on( 'tcb_after_dom_ready', () => {
const message = sessionStorage.getItem( 'tcb_toast_message' );if ( message ) {
tcbToast( sessionStorage.getItem( 'tcb_toast_message' ), false );
sessionStorage.removeItem( 'tcb_toast_message' );
}
} );
}/**
* Displays toast message
*
* @param {string} message - message to display
* @param {Boolean} error - whether the message is an error or not
* @param {Function} callback - callback function to be called after the message is closed
*/
function tcbToast( message, error, callback ) {
/* Also allow "message" objects */
if ( typeof message !== 'string' ) {
message = message.message || message.error || message.success;
}
if ( ! error ) {
error = false;
}
TCB_Front.notificationElement.toggle( message, error ? 'error' : 'success', callback );
}
} )( typeof ThriveGlobal === 'undefined' ? jQuery : ThriveGlobal.$j );
(function($) {
$('.home #custom-home-more-categories').on("click", function() {
$(this).parent('.custom-home-categories').find('.custom-home-categories-list').toggleClass('show');
});
})(jQuery);
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/metronet-profile-picture/js/mpp-frontend.js
var pp_ajax_form = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","confirm_delete":"Are you sure?","deleting_text":"Deleting...","deleting_error":"An error occurred. Please try again.","nonce":"ae66b9ee30","disable_ajax_form":"false","is_checkout":"0","is_checkout_tax_enabled":"0"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/js/frontend.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/accordion.min.js
var advanced_ads_cookies = {"cookie_path":"\/","cookie_domain":""};
var advadsCfpInfo = {"cfpExpHours":"3","cfpClickLimit":"3","cfpBan":"7","cfpPath":"","cfpDomain":"www.lightstalking.com"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads-pro/assets/js/advanced-ads-pro.min.js
var beloadmore = {"url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","query":{"post__not_in":[1],"category_name":"deals","posts_per_page":3}};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/themes/lightstalking/assets/js/load-more.js
var tve_dash_front = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","force_ajax_send":"1","is_crawler":"","recaptcha":[],"post_id":"505602"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/thrive-visual-editor/thrive-dashboard/js/dist/frontend.min.js
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"12538233\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-4\",\"srv\":\"www.lightstalking.com\",\"j\":\"1:13.2.2\"}") ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "12538233", "0" ]);
var tcb_current_post_lists=JSON.parse('[]'); var tcb_post_lists=tcb_post_lists?[...tcb_post_lists,...tcb_current_post_lists]:tcb_current_post_lists;
/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1);
if ( !window.TL_Const ) {var TL_Const={"security":"e84953018a","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_conversion":"tve_leads_ajax_conversion","action_impression":"tve_leads_ajax_impression","custom_post_data":[],"current_screen":{"screen_type":6,"screen_id":0},"ignored_fields":["email","_captcha_size","_captcha_theme","_captcha_type","_submit_option","_use_captcha","g-recaptcha-response","__tcb_lg_fc","__tcb_lg_msg","_state","_form_type","_error_message_option","_back_url","_submit_option","url","_asset_group","_asset_option","mailchimp_optin","tcb_token","tve_labels","tve_mapping","_api_custom_fields","_sendParams","_autofill"],"ajax_load":1};} else { window.TL_Front && TL_Front.extendConst && TL_Front.extendConst({"security":"e84953018a","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_conversion":"tve_leads_ajax_conversion","action_impression":"tve_leads_ajax_impression","custom_post_data":[],"current_screen":{"screen_type":6,"screen_id":0},"ignored_fields":["email","_captcha_size","_captcha_theme","_captcha_type","_submit_option","_use_captcha","g-recaptcha-response","__tcb_lg_fc","__tcb_lg_msg","_state","_form_type","_error_message_option","_back_url","_submit_option","url","_asset_group","_asset_option","mailchimp_optin","tcb_token","tve_labels","tve_mapping","_api_custom_fields","_sendParams","_autofill"],"ajax_load":1})}
window.advads_admin_bar_items = [];
var TVE_Ult_Data = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_load_action":"tve_ult_ajax_load","conversion_events_action":"tve_ult_conversion_event","shortcode_campaign_ids":[],"matched_display_settings":[],"campaign_ids":[],"post_id":8657,"is_singular":false,"tu_em":"","evergreen_redirects":[]};
https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/thrive-ultimatum/js/dist/no-campaign.min.js
!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();
(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/lib/modules/conversions-pro/assets/share-conversions-tracker.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/pinterest-pro.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/js/essb-core.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();
let ccwpDOMLoaded=!1;
let ccwp_loaded = false;
let resources_length=0;
let resources =undefined;
let is_last_resource = 0;
ccwpUserInteractions=["keydown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","touchforcechange"];
ccwpUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){
window.addEventListener(e,calculate_load_times);
});
function calculate_load_times() {
// Check performance support
if (performance === undefined) {
console.log("Performance NOT supported");
return;
}
// Get a list of "resource" performance entries
resources = performance.getEntriesByType("resource");
if (resources === undefined || resources.length <= 0) {
console.log("NO Resource performance records");
}
if(resources.length){
resources_length=resources.length;
}
for(let i=0; i < resources.length; i++) {
if(resources[i].responseEnd>0){
is_last_resource = is_last_resource + 1;
}
}
let uag = navigator.userAgent;
let gpat = /Google Page Speed Insights/gm;
let gres = uag.match(gpat);
let cpat = /Chrome-Lighthouse/gm;
let cres = uag.match(cpat);
let wait_till=300;
let new_ua = "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; moto g power (2022)) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36";
let new_ua2 = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Safari/537.36";
if(gres || cres || uag==new_ua || uag==new_ua2){
wait_till = 3000;
}
if(is_last_resource==resources.length){
setTimeout(function(){
console.log("ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts timeout : "+wait_till);
ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts();
},wait_till);
}
}
window.addEventListener("load", function(e) {
console.log("load complete");
setTimeout(function(){
calculate_load_times();
},100);
});async function ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts() {
if(ccwp_loaded){ return ;}
ccwpPreloadStyles();
ccwpPreloadDelayedScripts();
ccwpLoadCss();
ccwpScriptLoading();
ccwp_loaded=true;
}
function ccwpPreloadStyles() {
let e = document.createDocumentFragment();
var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].href = removeVersionFromLink(cssEle[i].href);
let r = document.createElement("link");
r.href = cssEle[i].href;
r.rel = "preload";
r.as = "style";
e.appendChild(r);
}
}
document.head.appendChild(e);
}
function ccwpPreloadDelayedScripts() {
var e = document.createDocumentFragment();
document.querySelectorAll("script[type=ccwpdelayedscript]").forEach(function(t) {
var n = removeVersionFromLink(t.getAttribute("src"));
if (n) {
t.setAttribute("src", n);
var r = document.createElement("link");
r.href = n, r.rel = "preload", r.as = "script", e.appendChild(r)
}
}), document.head.appendChild(e)
}
function ccwpScriptLoading(){
var jsEle = document.querySelectorAll("script[type=ccwpdelayedscript]");
jsEle.forEach(function(t) {
t.type = "text/javascript";
if(t.src)
{
t.src = removeVersionFromLink(t.src);
}
});
}function ccwpLoadCss(){
var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].href = removeVersionFromLink(cssEle[i].href);
cssEle[i].rel = "stylesheet";
cssEle[i].type = "text/css";
}
}var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("style[type=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].type = "text/css";
}
}
}
function removeVersionFromLink(link)
{
if(ccwpIsValidUrl(link))
{
const url = new URL(ccwpFormatLink(link));
url.searchParams.delete("ver");
url.searchParams.delete("time");
return url.href;
}
else{
return link;
}
}
function ccwpIsValidUrl(urlString)
{
if(urlString){
var expression =/[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\+.~#?&//=]{2,256}\.[a-z]{2,4}\b(\/[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\+.~#?&//=]*)?/gi;
var regex = new RegExp(expression);
return urlString.match(regex);
}
return false;
}
function ccwpFormatLink(link)
{
let http_check=link.match("http:");
let https_check=link.match("https:");
if(!http_check && !https_check)
{
return location.protocol+link;
}
return link;
}