window._wpemojiSettings = {"baseUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/72x72\/","ext":".png","svgUrl":"https:\/\/s.w.org\/images\/core\/emoji\/14.0.0\/svg\/","svgExt":".svg","source":{"concatemoji":"\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-includes\/js\/wp-emoji-release.min.js?ver=00ee2dc9c4a47c0421c3a1063c12ecee"}};
/*! This file is auto-generated */
!function(i,n){var o,s,e;function c(e){try{var t={supportTests:e,timestamp:(new Date).valueOf()};sessionStorage.setItem(o,JSON.stringify(t))}catch(e){}}function p(e,t,n){e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(t,0,0);var t=new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data),r=(e.clearRect(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height),e.fillText(n,0,0),new Uint32Array(e.getImageData(0,0,e.canvas.width,e.canvas.height).data));return t.every(function(e,t){return e===r[t]})}function u(e,t,n){switch(t){case"flag":return n(e,"\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200d\u26a7\ufe0f","\ud83c\udff3\ufe0f\u200b\u26a7\ufe0f")?!1:!n(e,"\ud83c\uddfa\ud83c\uddf3","\ud83c\uddfa\u200b\ud83c\uddf3")&&!n(e,"\ud83c\udff4\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc62\udb40\udc65\udb40\udc6e\udb40\udc67\udb40\udc7f","\ud83c\udff4\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc62\u200b\udb40\udc65\u200b\udb40\udc6e\u200b\udb40\udc67\u200b\udb40\udc7f");case"emoji":return!n(e,"\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200d\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff","\ud83e\udef1\ud83c\udffb\u200b\ud83e\udef2\ud83c\udfff")}return!1}function f(e,t,n){var r="undefined"!=typeof WorkerGlobalScope&&self instanceof WorkerGlobalScope?new OffscreenCanvas(300,150):i.createElement("canvas"),a=r.getContext("2d",{willReadFrequently:!0}),o=(a.textBaseline="top",a.font="600 32px Arial",{});return e.forEach(function(e){o[e]=t(a,e,n)}),o}function t(e){var t=i.createElement("script");t.src=e,t.defer=!0,i.head.appendChild(t)}"undefined"!=typeof Promise&&(o="wpEmojiSettingsSupports",s=["flag","emoji"],n.supports={everything:!0,everythingExceptFlag:!0},e=new Promise(function(e){i.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded",e,{once:!0})}),new Promise(function(t){var n=function(){try{var e=JSON.parse(sessionStorage.getItem(o));if("object"==typeof e&&"number"==typeof e.timestamp&&(new Date).valueOf()<e.timestamp+604800&&"object"==typeof e.supportTests)return e.supportTests}catch(e){}return null}();if(!n){if("undefined"!=typeof Worker&&"undefined"!=typeof OffscreenCanvas&&"undefined"!=typeof URL&&URL.createObjectURL&&"undefined"!=typeof Blob)try{var e="postMessage("+f.toString()+"("+[JSON.stringify(s),u.toString(),p.toString()].join(",")+"));",r=new Blob([e],{type:"text/javascript"}),a=new Worker(URL.createObjectURL(r),{name:"wpTestEmojiSupports"});return void(a.onmessage=function(e){c(n=e.data),a.terminate(),t(n)})}catch(e){}c(n=f(s,u,p))}t(n)}).then(function(e){for(var t in e)n.supports[t]=e[t],n.supports.everything=n.supports.everything&&n.supports[t],"flag"!==t&&(n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&n.supports[t]);n.supports.everythingExceptFlag=n.supports.everythingExceptFlag&&!n.supports.flag,n.DOMReady=!1,n.readyCallback=function(){n.DOMReady=!0}}).then(function(){return e}).then(function(){var e;n.supports.everything||(n.readyCallback(),(e=n.source||{}).concatemoji?t(e.concatemoji):e.wpemoji&&e.twemoji&&(t(e.twemoji),t(e.wpemoji)))}))}((window,document),window._wpemojiSettings);
window.advanced_ads_ready=function(e,a){a=a||"complete";var d=function(e){return"interactive"===a?"loading"!==e:"complete"===e};d(document.readyState)?e():document.addEventListener("readystatechange",(function(a){d(a.target.readyState)&&e()}),{once:"interactive"===a})},window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[];
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/jquery-migrate.min.js
var breeze_prefetch = {"local_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com","ignore_remote_prefetch":"1","ignore_list":["\/wp-admin\/"]};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/breeze/assets/js/js-front-end/breeze-prefetch-links.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/intelly-countdown-pro/assets/deps/moment/moment.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/intelly-countdown-pro/assets/js/icp.library.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/flatpickr/flatpickr.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/select2/select2.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/tag-groups/assets/js/frontend.min.js
var advads_options = {"blog_id":"1","privacy":{"enabled":false,"state":"not_needed"}};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads/public/assets/js/advanced.min.js
var advanced_ads_pro_visitor_conditions = {"referrer_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_pro_visitor_referrer","referrer_exdays":"365","page_impr_cookie_name":"advanced_ads_page_impressions","page_impr_exdays":"3650"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads-pro/modules/advanced-visitor-conditions/inc/conditions.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/themes/lightstalking/assets/js/index.js
document.createElement( "picture" );if(!window.HTMLPictureElement && document.addEventListener) {window.addEventListener("DOMContentLoaded", function() {var s = document.createElement("script");s.src = "https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/webp-express/js/picturefill.min.js";document.body.appendChild(s);});}
var essb_settings = {"ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","essb3_nonce":"22aacf0023","essb3_plugin_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-content\/plugins\/easy-social-share-buttons3","essb3_stats":true,"essb3_ga":false,"essb3_ga_ntg":false,"blog_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/","post_id":"8657","internal_stats":true};
https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/uploads/breeze/google/gtag.js
!function(f,b,e,v,n,t,s)
{if(f.fbq)return;n=f.fbq=function(){n.callMethod?
n.callMethod.apply(n,arguments):n.queue.push(arguments)};
if(!f._fbq)f._fbq=n;n.push=n;n.loaded=!0;n.version='2.0';
n.queue=[];t=b.createElement(e);t.async=!0;
t.src=v;s=b.getElementsByTagName(e)[0];
s.parentNode.insertBefore(t,s)}(window, document,'script',
'https://connect.facebook.net/en_US/fbevents.js');
fbq('init', '1079708588874183');
fbq('track', 'PageView');
var head = document.head;var script = document.createElement('script');script.type = 'text/javascript';script.src = "https://178444.tracking.hyros.com/v1/lst/universal-script?ph=6df64206c166a45894d8b8d2beeed3f98ece187ef7e83c10a2acca9a68e688a5&tag=!tracking";head.appendChild(script);
(function(c,l,a,r,i,t,y){
c[a]=c[a]||function(){(c[a].q=c[a].q||[]).push(arguments)};
t=l.createElement(r);t.async=1;t.src="https://www.clarity.ms/tag/"+i;
y=l.getElementsByTagName(r)[0];y.parentNode.insertBefore(t,y);
})(window, document, "clarity", "script", "jzjsbgih7m");
var advadsCfpQueue = [];
var advadsCfpAd = function( adID ){
if ( 'undefined' == typeof advadsProCfp ) { advadsCfpQueue.push( adID ) } else { advadsProCfp.addElement( adID ) }
};
document.documentElement.className = document.documentElement.className.replace( 'no-js', 'js' );
Skip to the contentGetting a new DSLR can be quite an overwhelming experience for a new photographer. All the knobs and buttons seem to do a thousand different things (and they do), but the dirty secret of photography is that, at its core, knowledge of the exposure triangle is what will make your new DSLR sing. If you […]
Dive into the playful and creative world of toy photography! Discover tips and techniques to bring miniature scenes to life. Click to start your toy photo adventure!
The aperture is one of the elements of the exposure triangle, along with ISO and shutter speed. It is one of the controls we learn very early in our exploration of photography. At a base level, it’s a pretty simple and basic control. However, if you think briefly about it, the aperture is quite a […]
A deep dive into the history of photography that covers its invention and early attempts through to contemporary photographers and the future of the craft.
A lot of people can be put off of flash photography due to their first experiences with it. The reason for this is that they use the internal flip flash unit on their cameras. These tiny little flashes push out a harsh, very direct flash that can give a very unflattering shot. Take a look […]
Are you looking for simple photography tips? Well, if you’re a beginning photographer you will encounter endless streams of advice and rules that purport to make you better — maybe even overnight. Some of this information will be foisted upon you by more seasoned photographers who feel a sense of duty to pass on their […]
(function(d, s, id) {
var js, fjs = d.getElementsByTagName(s)[0];
if (d.getElementById(id)) return;
js = d.createElement(s); js.id = id;
js.src = "//forms.aweber.com/form/96/435600896.js";
fjs.parentNode.insertBefore(js, fjs);
}(document, "script", "aweber-wjs-8cq4o7hvd"));
if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui.tabs !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.widget !== 'undefined' && typeof TagGroupsBase !== 'undefined') {
TagGroupsBase.tabs('tag-groups-cloud-tabs-65ffb0651a52c', {"active":false}, true);
} else {
jQuery(document).ready(function(){
setTimeout(function(){
if (typeof jQuery !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.ui.tabs !== 'undefined' && typeof jQuery.widget !== 'undefined') {
TagGroupsBase.tabs('tag-groups-cloud-tabs-65ffb0651a52c', {"active":false}, true);
} else {
console.log('[Tag Groups] Error: jQuery UI Tabs is missing!');
}
}, 500);
});
}
( $ => {
/**
* Displays toast message from storage, it is used when the user is redirected after login
*/
if ( window.sessionStorage ) {
$( window ).on( 'tcb_after_dom_ready', () => {
const message = sessionStorage.getItem( 'tcb_toast_message' );if ( message ) {
tcbToast( sessionStorage.getItem( 'tcb_toast_message' ), false );
sessionStorage.removeItem( 'tcb_toast_message' );
}
} );
}/**
* Displays toast message
*
* @param {string} message - message to display
* @param {Boolean} error - whether the message is an error or not
* @param {Function} callback - callback function to be called after the message is closed
*/
function tcbToast( message, error, callback ) {
/* Also allow "message" objects */
if ( typeof message !== 'string' ) {
message = message.message || message.error || message.success;
}
if ( ! error ) {
error = false;
}
TCB_Front.notificationElement.toggle( message, error ? 'error' : 'success', callback );
}
} )( typeof ThriveGlobal === 'undefined' ? jQuery : ThriveGlobal.$j );
(function($) {
$('.home #custom-home-more-categories').on("click", function() {
$(this).parent('.custom-home-categories').find('.custom-home-categories-list').toggleClass('show');
});
})(jQuery);
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/metronet-profile-picture/js/mpp-frontend.js
var pp_ajax_form = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","confirm_delete":"Are you sure?","deleting_text":"Deleting...","deleting_error":"An error occurred. Please try again.","nonce":"5fe5819b3f","disable_ajax_form":"false","is_checkout":"0","is_checkout_tax_enabled":"0"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/wp-user-avatar/assets/js/frontend.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/core.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/tabs.min.js
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-includes/js/jquery/ui/accordion.min.js
var advanced_ads_cookies = {"cookie_path":"\/","cookie_domain":""};
var advadsCfpInfo = {"cfpExpHours":"3","cfpClickLimit":"3","cfpBan":"7","cfpPath":"","cfpDomain":"www.lightstalking.com"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/advanced-ads-pro/assets/js/advanced-ads-pro.min.js
var beloadmore = {"url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","query":{"post__not_in":[31763],"category_name":"beginner","posts_per_page":3}};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/themes/lightstalking/assets/js/load-more.js
var tve_dash_front = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","force_ajax_send":"1","is_crawler":"","recaptcha":[],"post_id":"8657"};
//www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/thrive-visual-editor/thrive-dashboard/js/dist/frontend.min.js
_stq = window._stq || [];
_stq.push([ "view", JSON.parse("{\"v\":\"ext\",\"blog\":\"12538233\",\"post\":\"0\",\"tz\":\"-4\",\"srv\":\"www.lightstalking.com\",\"j\":\"1:13.2.2\"}") ]);
_stq.push([ "clickTrackerInit", "12538233", "0" ]);
var tcb_current_post_lists=JSON.parse('[]'); var tcb_post_lists=tcb_post_lists?[...tcb_post_lists,...tcb_current_post_lists]:tcb_current_post_lists;
/(trident|msie)/i.test(navigator.userAgent)&&document.getElementById&&window.addEventListener&&window.addEventListener("hashchange",function(){var t,e=location.hash.substring(1);/^[A-z0-9_-]+$/.test(e)&&(t=document.getElementById(e))&&(/^(?:a|select|input|button|textarea)$/i.test(t.tagName)||(t.tabIndex=-1),t.focus())},!1);
if ( !window.TL_Const ) {var TL_Const={"security":"41673ec1ce","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_conversion":"tve_leads_ajax_conversion","action_impression":"tve_leads_ajax_impression","custom_post_data":[],"current_screen":{"screen_type":6,"screen_id":0},"ignored_fields":["email","_captcha_size","_captcha_theme","_captcha_type","_submit_option","_use_captcha","g-recaptcha-response","__tcb_lg_fc","__tcb_lg_msg","_state","_form_type","_error_message_option","_back_url","_submit_option","url","_asset_group","_asset_option","mailchimp_optin","tcb_token","tve_labels","tve_mapping","_api_custom_fields","_sendParams","_autofill"],"ajax_load":1};} else { window.TL_Front && TL_Front.extendConst && TL_Front.extendConst({"security":"41673ec1ce","ajax_url":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","action_conversion":"tve_leads_ajax_conversion","action_impression":"tve_leads_ajax_impression","custom_post_data":[],"current_screen":{"screen_type":6,"screen_id":0},"ignored_fields":["email","_captcha_size","_captcha_theme","_captcha_type","_submit_option","_use_captcha","g-recaptcha-response","__tcb_lg_fc","__tcb_lg_msg","_state","_form_type","_error_message_option","_back_url","_submit_option","url","_asset_group","_asset_option","mailchimp_optin","tcb_token","tve_labels","tve_mapping","_api_custom_fields","_sendParams","_autofill"],"ajax_load":1})}
window.advads_admin_bar_items = [];
var TVE_Ult_Data = {"ajaxurl":"https:\/\/www.lightstalking.com\/wp-admin\/admin-ajax.php","ajax_load_action":"tve_ult_ajax_load","conversion_events_action":"tve_ult_conversion_event","shortcode_campaign_ids":[],"matched_display_settings":[],"campaign_ids":[],"post_id":484865,"is_singular":false,"tu_em":"","evergreen_redirects":[]};
https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/thrive-ultimatum/js/dist/no-campaign.min.js
!function(){window.advanced_ads_ready_queue=window.advanced_ads_ready_queue||[],advanced_ads_ready_queue.push=window.advanced_ads_ready;for(var d=0,a=advanced_ads_ready_queue.length;d<a;d++)advanced_ads_ready(advanced_ads_ready_queue[d])}();
(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/lib/modules/conversions-pro/assets/share-conversions-tracker.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/pinterest-pro.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/modules/subscribe-forms.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();(function() { var po = document.createElement('script'); po.type = 'text/javascript'; po.async=true;; po.src = 'https://www.lightstalking.com/wp-content/plugins/easy-social-share-buttons3/assets/js/essb-core.min.js'; var s = document.getElementsByTagName('script')[0]; s.parentNode.insertBefore(po, s); })();
let ccwpDOMLoaded=!1;
let ccwp_loaded = false;
let resources_length=0;
let resources =undefined;
let is_last_resource = 0;
ccwpUserInteractions=["keydown","mousemove","wheel","touchmove","touchstart","touchend","touchcancel","touchforcechange"];
ccwpUserInteractions.forEach(function(e){
window.addEventListener(e,calculate_load_times);
});
function calculate_load_times() {
// Check performance support
if (performance === undefined) {
console.log("Performance NOT supported");
return;
}
// Get a list of "resource" performance entries
resources = performance.getEntriesByType("resource");
if (resources === undefined || resources.length <= 0) {
console.log("NO Resource performance records");
}
if(resources.length){
resources_length=resources.length;
}
for(let i=0; i < resources.length; i++) {
if(resources[i].responseEnd>0){
is_last_resource = is_last_resource + 1;
}
}
let uag = navigator.userAgent;
let gpat = /Google Page Speed Insights/gm;
let gres = uag.match(gpat);
let cpat = /Chrome-Lighthouse/gm;
let cres = uag.match(cpat);
let wait_till=300;
let new_ua = "Mozilla/5.0 (Linux; Android 11; moto g power (2022)) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Mobile Safari/537.36";
let new_ua2 = "Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10_15_7) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/109.0.0.0 Safari/537.36";
if(gres || cres || uag==new_ua || uag==new_ua2){
wait_till = 3000;
}
if(is_last_resource==resources.length){
setTimeout(function(){
console.log("ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts timeout : "+wait_till);
ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts();
},wait_till);
}
}
window.addEventListener("load", function(e) {
console.log("load complete");
setTimeout(function(){
calculate_load_times();
},100);
});async function ccwpTriggerDelayedScripts() {
if(ccwp_loaded){ return ;}
ccwpPreloadStyles();
ccwpPreloadDelayedScripts();
ccwpLoadCss();
ccwpScriptLoading();
ccwp_loaded=true;
}
function ccwpPreloadStyles() {
let e = document.createDocumentFragment();
var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].href = removeVersionFromLink(cssEle[i].href);
let r = document.createElement("link");
r.href = cssEle[i].href;
r.rel = "preload";
r.as = "style";
e.appendChild(r);
}
}
document.head.appendChild(e);
}
function ccwpPreloadDelayedScripts() {
var e = document.createDocumentFragment();
document.querySelectorAll("script[type=ccwpdelayedscript]").forEach(function(t) {
var n = removeVersionFromLink(t.getAttribute("src"));
if (n) {
t.setAttribute("src", n);
var r = document.createElement("link");
r.href = n, r.rel = "preload", r.as = "script", e.appendChild(r)
}
}), document.head.appendChild(e)
}
function ccwpScriptLoading(){
var jsEle = document.querySelectorAll("script[type=ccwpdelayedscript]");
jsEle.forEach(function(t) {
t.type = "text/javascript";
if(t.src)
{
t.src = removeVersionFromLink(t.src);
}
});
}function ccwpLoadCss(){
var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("link[rel=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].href = removeVersionFromLink(cssEle[i].href);
cssEle[i].rel = "stylesheet";
cssEle[i].type = "text/css";
}
}var cssEle = document.querySelectorAll("style[type=ccwpdelayedstyle]");
for(let i=0; i <= cssEle.length;i++){
if(cssEle[i]){
cssEle[i].type = "text/css";
}
}
}
function removeVersionFromLink(link)
{
if(ccwpIsValidUrl(link))
{
const url = new URL(ccwpFormatLink(link));
url.searchParams.delete("ver");
url.searchParams.delete("time");
return url.href;
}
else{
return link;
}
}
function ccwpIsValidUrl(urlString)
{
if(urlString){
var expression =/[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\+.~#?&//=]{2,256}\.[a-z]{2,4}\b(\/[-a-zA-Z0-9@:%_\+.~#?&//=]*)?/gi;
var regex = new RegExp(expression);
return urlString.match(regex);
}
return false;
}
function ccwpFormatLink(link)
{
let http_check=link.match("http:");
let https_check=link.match("https:");
if(!http_check && !https_check)
{
return location.protocol+link;
}
return link;
}