Since light is a necessary ingredient for making a photo, we have to decide how we’re going to light the photos we make. At its most basic level, this is a really simple consideration — you have two options: natural light or artificial light. But the more you dig into the broad topic of lighting and photography, you begin to realize that things are a bit more nuanced than perhaps you first thought, especially when it comes to artificial lighting.
When discussing natural light, the main source of light that people are virtually always talking about is the sun. Of course there will always be those who insist on being extremely thorough or nit-picky and they’ll want to list things like fire, the moon, stars. They’re not wrong, but those sources aren’t giving the sun any competition.
It’s when you get into artificial light that you will find a much wider range of useful sources to talk about.
There is no official artificial light taxonomy or anything, but to help give you a clearer breakdown of artificial light sources, we will divide them into four categories: incandescent, fluorescent, LED, and flash/strobe.
Incandescent
The most easily identifiable example of this type of light is the standard household light bulb. These bulbs emit light from a filament made of a metal known as tungsten and, thus, are sometimes referred to as tungsten lights. Movie sets also commonly use this type of lighting — though in a considerably larger form than your average light bulb — where they are often referred to as “hot lights.”
In an unmodified state, incandescent lighting is harsh. At home, we might use lamp shades to improve the quality of the light; on a movie set or in a photography studio, we might use reflectors. Though it can be harsh, incandescent light tends to exhibit a warm color temperature, which is desirable for many situations.
Fluorescent
Also easy to spot, fluorescent bulbs are those long, tubular shaped bulbs that give off a constant buzz and populate office buildings and retail stores around the world. Most people recognize this type of lighting as being one of the reasons behind why nobody likes looking at themselves in department store mirrors; fluorescent light simply isn’t very flattering.
Unless one is intentionally going for a specific look, fluorescent light is rarely used in photography. Not only is it unflattering for portraits, it’s difficult to work with due to the fact that there is so much variation in color temperature; there’s the traditional greenish colorcast in addition to more modern versions that include “cool white,” “warm white,” and “daylight balanced.”
Such terms have little practical value to photographers. All we know is that fluorescent bulbs are in use; we don’t know the color temperature of the bulbs being used or even if all the bulbs in a room have the same color temperature. This can wreak havoc on getting the correct white balance. In these cases, most photographers will resort to setting a custom white balance using a grey card.
Light Emitting Diode (LED)
Relatively new to the world of photography, an LED is actually an electronic device that, when a current passes through it, produces light. Once capable only of producing red light, LEDs now commonly emit several colors, including green, blue, yellow, and white.
These long lasting, energy efficient devices find their most frequent usage in indicator lights for electronics, flashlights, and traffic signals. Because LEDs can produce brighter light while using less energy, they are very popular in TVs and computer monitors.
In addition to the aforementioned characteristics, LEDs also exhibit very stable color temperature. Like incandescent lighting, LED lighting tends to be harsh, and it may not be powerful enough for portraiture unless the light source is very close to the subject. For these reasons you will want to diffuse the light.
Flash and Strobe
The three types of artificial lighting we have covered thus far could further be grouped together as continuous lighting. Flash and strobe lighting, however, work by emitting short bursts (lasting anywhere from 1/1000th to 1/50,000th of a second) of powerful light.
The light produced by flashes and strobes is of a harsh quality and should be modified in some way. Strobes can accommodate a wide range of modifiers, such as softboxes, umbrellas, snoots, and flags. Many of these accessories can also be used with a flash, though it may not always be a practical solution, particularly if you can’t get your flash off the camera. On-camera flash can be easily diffused by bouncing it off a white ceiling or attaching a plastic diffuser to the flash head.
Flash/strobe light is about the same color temperature as daylight, allowing you to mix these two sources of natural light and artificial light.
Making the Most of Artificial Light
Given that photography is art, it is fundamentally counterproductive to subscribe to the idea that there is one best type of lighting to use. The lighting you use is going to primarily come down to what look you are trying to achieve.
- Total Control – The degree of control offered by the use artificial light is a distinct advantage over natural light and presents photographers with a dazzling array of creative possibilities. Not only do you have the option of shooting any time of day or night, you also exert your influence over the quality, direction, and color of the light. Furthermore, you will have the freedom to work with larger apertures, making shallow depth of field a feasible creative option.
- Stylistic Quality – With the right lighting setup, you can produce portraits bursting with color, clarity, and sharpness — portraits that look like they belong in a fashion magazine. This look can be achieved either indoors exclusively with artificial lights, or outdoors with a mixture of artificial and natural light.
- Consistency in Dynamic Range – Digital cameras are limited in terms of their dynamic range, meaning that under certain conditions, they struggle to retain the same level of background and subject detail that would be found in the actual scene being photographed. Shooting in natural light makes this limitation of digital cameras rather obvious. However, such a shortcoming is of no real concern when using artificial light, leaving you with the peace of mind of knowing that your photos will not suffer any loss of detail.
- Color and Emotion – The main reason color temperature is such an important aspect of photography is because it plays a major role in evoking certain emotions in the viewer. Artificial light can be manipulated in such a way that a photograph might cause the viewer to experience it as anything from sterile to cozy, a feat not so easily achieved with natural light.
- Freeze Action – If you want to freeze action, flash/strobe lighting is the way to go. This is especially useful when you want to freeze action but the ambient light won’t allow you to shoot at a high enough shutter speed; aiming a flash or two at your subject will freeze its movement and present you with some potentially amazing results.
Learning to use artificial light will open up your photographic potential in ways you may not have previously imagined. And if you are using a digital camera, there really isn’t much of a monetary expense involved with experimenting and practicing, so you’re free to play with the light all you want.
